Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Postfire response of North American boreal forest net primary productivity analyzed with satellite observations. Deforestation risk due to commodity crop expansion in sub-Saharan Africa. Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Mapping the land surface for global atmosphere–biosphere models: toward continuous distributions of vegetation’s functional properties.
Earth science data records of global forest cover and change: assessment of accuracy in 1990, 2000, and 2005 epochs. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Climate, ecosystems, and planetary futures: The challenge to predict life in Earth system models. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2015).īonan, G. Biophysical climate impacts of recent changes in global forest cover. The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability. The dataset we developed may be used to improve the modelling of land-use changes, biogeochemical cycles and vegetation–climate interactions to advance our understanding of global environmental change 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.
Change scale of token fantasy grounds 2 driver#
The mapped land changes and the driver attributions reflect a human-dominated Earth system. Consistently across all climate domains, montane systems have gained tree cover and many arid and semi-arid ecosystems have lost vegetation cover. Land-use change exhibits regional dominance, including tropical deforestation and agricultural expansion, temperate reforestation or afforestation, cropland intensification and urbanization.
Change scale of token fantasy grounds 2 drivers#
Of all land changes, 60% are associated with direct human activities and 40% with indirect drivers such as climate change. Global bare ground cover has decreased by 1.16 million km 2 (−3.1%), most notably in agricultural regions in Asia. This overall net gain is the result of a net loss in the tropics being outweighed by a net gain in the extratropics. We show that-contrary to the prevailing view that forest area has declined globally 5-tree cover has increased by 2.24 million km 2 (+7.1% relative to the 1982 level).
Here we analyse 35 years’ worth of satellite data and provide a comprehensive record of global land-change dynamics during the period 1982–2016. However, quantification of global land change is lacking. Changes in land use and land cover considerably alter the Earth’s energy balance and biogeochemical cycles, which contributes to climate change and-in turn-affects land surface properties and the provision of ecosystem services 1, 2, 3, 4. Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change 1, 2.
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